Taking a Look at the Labeling Theory - 909 Words

The labeling theory is one of the critical perspective sociological theories of crime. Labeling theory was the first of the critical perspectives and like the other critical perspectives, it considers defining crime, as well as applying a label to those who commit what is defined as a crime to be problematic. Among the issues addressed by labeling theory are defining deviance based on primary deviance through implementing a label on the offender, discrimination by formal institutions, as well as the public based on what is defined as deviance, and continued deviance based on the label placed on offenders, which is known as secondary deviance in the labeling theory. Unlike traditional theories of deviance that use an absolute definition of deviance, labeling theory is centered on a relative definition of deviance. Using this relative definition of deviance, labeling theorists consider deviance to be a result of the public’s perception of a behavior, rather than an actual trait of the behavior. Howard S. Becker, an originator of labeling theory, offers one of most often quoted statements related to the theory. Becker’s (1963) Outsiders states: Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labeling them as outsiders. From this point of view, deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to anShow MoreRelatedDeviance, The Opposite Of Conforming Norms And Norms845 Words   |  4 PagesDeviance is the opposite of conforming to norms in society. They are different levels of conforming. Norms can be found through means or goals, but however you do this you can describe it as a specific level of deviance or lack thereof. One way you could look at deviance is innovation. My innovation has caused me to go about means differently than others. I take summer dual credit and the maximum dual credit I can take anytime so that I can accomplish my goal: cheaper under-graduation and early admissionRead MoreLabeling Theory And Its Effect On Society1141 Words   |  5 Pagesother item that we want to know more about what is contained within a package. The theory of labeling provides the same information about people, their involvement within daily life, and the ways that they behave. The main arguments within the labeling theory is that we need to as a society focus on the behavior of individuals that are labeling others as oppose to those who are committing crimes. Labeling theory argues that it is these efforts at social control that ultimately trigger the processesRead MoreLabeling theory is closely related to social-construction and symbolic-interaction analysis. It1000 Words   |  4 PagesLabeling theory is closely related to social-construction and symbolic-interaction analysis. It means that deviance is not a natural tendency of an individual, but instead focuses on the tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from standard cultural norms. The theory is based off how people tend to own u p to what society claims them to be. The theory came about during the 1960s and 1970s. A lot of the theory’s symptoms are still noticeable today. Labeling theoryRead MoreWhy Law Abiding Citizens Should Care About The Treatment Of Criminals Essay1213 Words   |  5 PagesWhile taking part in a ride along and attending a deviance class this semester the question of why law-abiding citizens should care about the treatment of criminals has been raised quiet often. If they were not following the law than why should anyone care what kind of treatment they receive? They knew that if they got caught for their actions they would not be treated kindly. It should not concern those that are not related to the offender, so why does it matter? All of these statements could beRead MoreDeviance Theory Analysis Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesDeviance Theory Analysis - Identify Deviance for situations and explain Within any given society, individuals are expected to behave and or conduct themselves in a given acceptable manner. However, there are instances when particular individuals act contrary to the set standards and violate the cultural norms. Such acts may include acts of crime, theft, defiance, breaking of rules, and truancy just to mention a few. Deviance could thus be viewed as the intentional or accidental violation of theRead MoreApplying the Labeling Perspective to the Alleged Abuse of the CSSA, as Well as Causes and Consequences1427 Words   |  6 Pagesthat there is alleged abuse of CSSA. They pointed out that the recipients are lazy, and are dependent on social welfare. This phenomenon can be explained by the labeling theory. I am going to apply the labeling perspective to the alleged abuse of CSSA, and illustrate the causes and consequences. According to Howard Becker’s labeling theory, ‘deviance is not a quality of the act person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an â€Å"offender†.’ (Becker 1995:186)Read MoreGender Norms And Female Deviance Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesNorms in society are the expectations of actions in specific situations. Social norms keep human social relations and behavior stable. Norms are â€Å"rules† that have developed within a particular society taking into account its values, culture and way of living. Sometimes, it is even the case that individuals do not have a choice and rarely recognize that fact that social norms have arbitrary origins because they have experienced this during the ongoing process of living (Clinard and Meyer 2011:10)Read MoreEssay on Columbine Shooters1232 Words   |  5 Pages2000) Luzadder, Dan and Vaughan, Kevin. â€Å"Inside Columbine Investigation† Denver Rocky Mountain News (19 December 1999 ) This paper is going to explore what effect the labeling theory had in regards to the tragedy at Columbine High School. Were these two students labeled, to what extent and how if any did this labeling affect the events that took place in Jefferson county that fateful day. The events that took place April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School caused shock, horror and deepRead MoreRace And Ethnicity, Racial, Ethnic, And Race1148 Words   |  5 Pagesseeing and understanding the world around us. Race and ethnicity can deem you as one belonging to a group, or as an outsider, Racism places a negative impact on society as a whole. One theoretical aspect involves both conflict functionalist, and the labeling approaching, when observing racism. Sociologist observe how each of these theoretical aspects play its very own role in the outcome of racism and prejudices. One theoretical aspect is the conflict perspective, when someone decides to view the socialRead MoreLabeling Theories And Labeling Theory3093 Words   |  13 PagesLabeling Theory Introduction to the Labeling Theory: Labeling theory is a theory of how individuals’ self-identity and how behavior can be determined or influenced by the labels used to describe or classify them. The theory is a huge part of criminology that aims to dictate why certain people who commit crimes are defined as deviant, while others who commit crimes are not depicted as deviant. The labeling theory asks who applies what label to whom, why they do this, and what happens as a result

Macbeth and Gladiator - 1379 Words

Shakespeare powerfully focuses on the negative consequences of ambition in the text Macbeth and in the film Gladiator directed by Ridley Scott and how it can lead to ones downfall. Macbeth is shown as the noble hero by the King after slaying the Thane of Cawdor and claiming victory in the war for Scotland, while Ridley Scotts Gladiator portrays Maximus as the noble hero but still not comparing to Macbeth like Commodus does in the film. Shakespeare effectively focuses on the cynical repercussions of ambition in Macbeth and how it can lead to ones failure. Macbeth is shown as a wellborn protagonist after being regarded as Noble Macbeth by the King of Scotland, King Duncan after slaying the Thane of Cawdor and winning†¦show more content†¦Macbeth is slain as a tyrant and Lady Macbeth takes her own life. Shakespeare does not give either character the opportunity to enjoy what they had achieved, suggesting that it is more satisfying to achieve your goals fairly than to achieve th em through corruption. Ridley Scott powerfully focuses on the negative consequences of ambition in Gladiator and how it can lead to ones downfall. Using a similar storyline to Shakespeares Macbeth he uses similar character structures but also giving them many differences. Commodus ambition begins after he kills his father Emperor Marcus Aurelius because he feels that his father did not love him enough and becomes the Emperor of Rome. Marcus says that Commodus is not a moral man and that he cannot rule. Commodus is the Macbeth character in Gladiator but is still not the main character. The main character in the film is Maximus who resembles Macduff in the film. While still being shown as a great fighter, Commodus is also shown in the film as a bit of a coward, after Maximus wins the war for Rome, Commodus shows up late to the victory celebrations acting as if he wasn’t even aware of a war even existing. Quickly after being crowned as Emperor of Rome, Commodus becomes disliked by the Senate and the people of Rome and seen as a pathetic leader. Commodus uses the ambition to be like his father to create barbaric fights in the Coliseum. Hell bring them death and they will love himShow MoreRelatedA Review of Gladiator Essay668 Words   |  3 PagesA Review of Gladiator Hail Caesar, and the return of the Roman Empire. From Quo Vadis to Spartacus, Hollywood has enjoyed a long and fore filling relationship with the sword-and-sandals epics and Ridley Scott (Alien Blade Runner), has released a monumental spectacle; managing to make this forgotten genre bigger, better and more bloody than ever before. Ridley Scott shines as a director through Gladiator. Not only has he managed to create the multiple plotsRead MoreTeaching Violent Behavior Through TV Essay examples2905 Words   |  12 Pageswhy is there violence on television if it has such a negative impact on those who are exposed to it?   Well, simply put, violence is a popular form of entertainment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A crowd of onlookers enjoys a street fight just as the Romans enjoyed the gladiators.   Wrestling is a popular spectator sport not only in the United States, but also in many countries in the Middle East.   People enjoy combat between animals, e.g. cock fights in Indonesia, bull fights in Spain, and dog fights in rural areas of this

Grandpa to Me Free Essays

R Truby 1 Robert T. Truby Instructor Vincent Basso English 101. 064 30 January 2012 Robert H. We will write a custom essay sample on Grandpa to Me or any similar topic only for you Order Now Truby I have a grandfather named Robert Henry Truby. Before he was born in 1945, two of his uncles were shot and killed. One was named Bill and another was named Sam. In the early 1900s, there was a feud between my family and another up by Bondad, Colorado. A gangster rancher by the name of Ike Cox shot two of his uncles as a result of this family feud. The mother could not bear the chance of losing another son. Right after Sam’s death, she decided to move the family and their cattle to New Mexico. My bloodline moved to an unforgiving desert seeking survival. They moved to a remote location called Largo Canyon to raise their cattle and children. The dry summers were hot and the winters were cold. A presence of a prior civilization cultivated the surrounding landscape with Native American culture and evidence. Coyotes and cattle didn’t always get along so Henry, my great grandfather, trapped coyotes. Coincidently, coyotes were worth more than cattle at the time. A lot of people lost their ranch to the bank or to the government because of tax foreclosures, but not Henry. Henry used his money to buy ranches surrounding his own for a small price. After that the Truby ranch reached sixty-six sections, totaling 42,240 acres. The amount of responsibility with that much land was staggering. For example, guarantying a thousand cows have what they need is like having a thousand babies R Truby 2 making certain they have what they need. To some, raising cattle was harder than raising children. My family was invested in cattle and did what they had to do to get by. Henry had one son named Robert Henry Truby, my grandfather. I call him Papo (Pah-Poe. ) Robert helped his father with the ranch since he could walk. Robert had an overwhelming love and trust towards his father. He left for Las Cruces to attend their university to study Animal Science; however, he would drive over eight hundred miles every weekend to help Henry ranch. To Robert, money couldn’t replace moments and time he shared with his father. One semester away from graduating with a degree, Robert learned he had to go back and help ranch. It was never a choice. His family needed him and he was okay setting aside personal goals. An analysis of my grandfather reveals his character; however, there is more to him than meets the eye. Nothing is dearer to my grandfather than family and everybody in this family treasures nothing more than his character. My dad’s attitude towards my grandfather is worth quoting. â€Å"I have never had more respect or trust towards a man. He gave me a foundation to live. He is a sense of home. I know I can always go to him for help. † You could not ask more from a father. My grandmother, Rachael, had her own words to describe my grandpa. â€Å"He is gentle. He is caring and loving. † Robert gave her his word when they got married that he would stay true and for that he will stay forever faithful. Challenges they’ve faced is a list that defines devotion and care towards one another. Grandma Rachael still gives him backrubs so he must be doing something right. After almost fifty years of marriage, Robert and Rachael have sealed the sanctity of their marriage. My family wouldn’t be a family without him and for that we are forever grateful. R Truby 3 Although Papo resembles a pioneer from an older generation, he still fits into today’s society in his own way. I’m about six inches taller than my grandpa right now and he still tells me I might be as tall as him one day. Papo always looks younger with a hat on because it covers up the part of his head that’s missing hair. It doesn’t matter where he’s at he’ll have on a pair of boots and a pair of wranglers. He’ll wear a polo shirt that buttons just at the top when he goes to town. When he’s working around the house he’ll wear a shirt that may have everything from paint to sawdust on it. That’s my grandfather’s style and it’s never changed. Papo is stronger than he looks and smarter than he thinks. My grandpa doesn’t drink alcohol or smoke, but he drinks a lot of coke. After all the Coca-Cola he’s had in the past sixty-eight years, Papo is still working out on the farm. It hurts his back, but he still gets out there and does what needs to be done. He values his John Deer tractors. After mastering all the skills of farming, old age seems to take over just a little bit. It is quite humorous to watch Papo drive the tractor because he’s always running over stuff. It’s not on purpose. His perception is just off a little. He won’t take the obvious blame, instead he’ll jokingly blame it one someone or something else. He knows that his family won’t believe him and that’s what makes it even funnier. My grandpa has his own sense of humor that I find intriguing and different. I may have more respect for my father, but I feel closer to Robert. We’ve got the same name, but that’s not the reason. I have a connection with my grandpa that words cannot describe. He is my idol. I look up to him in all things, except when it comes to computers. He is not very good with computers. He holds a lot of feelings back in fear that he will upset someone. In order to find out if I’ve let him down, I have to know him on a deeper level. This can be quite difficult because he is so subtle and modest. My grandpa wants me to be the best I can be. I can’t tell you R Truby 4 how many times Papo reminded me to go to school and to do my homework so I can get a good job one day. I am his lineage and I am a direct reflection of this man. I am his only grandson. If I found out that I let my grandfather down, it would hurt me and I would beat myself up for it. It is my responsibility to make him proud. That is partly why I’m here. Even if his words of wisdom may at times become repetitive, I listen and respectfully nod my head. Whatever I do he somehow feels responsible for and he wants me to learn from his past and his mistakes that followed. Sadly my grandpa has to work at an old age without retirement because he has worked for himself his whole life. When he is too old to work anymore he will have to sell the farm. I’m sure he would like to keep the farm if he could. He’s guiding me in the right direction to be financially stable and he knows the rest will follow. I will always hear his voice in my head telling me what to do or which decision to make. I’ll hear him telling me to hang in there when times get tough. I hope I become half the man he is because he is more than my grandfather. He is my hero. How to cite Grandpa to Me, Essay examples

Management Accounting Analysis

Question: Analyse and interpret the annual reports and financial statements and to do a comparative analysis using ratio and trend analysis of prescribed companies and write an executive report in order to make an investment decision. Answer: Introduction Considering the past few decades, the segment of Supermarket in Australia has undergone a sea change. Is functioned, as well as tamed by the two major that is the Wesfarmer and Woolworths. Going by the presence and coverage, both the giants accounts for more than 70% of the market and hence, can be aptly termed as duopolistic. The business continues to gather a strong response as the necessity items are always needed by the public. The food market is best described as a component that is essential part for an economy and plays a predominant role in the process of development. This leads to all around growth of the economy. The government should evaluate this sector to keep the economy regulated (Choi Meek, 2011). Company Background The presence of Woolworths Limited can be traced to 1924 when the initial supermarket store was opened and in the current scenario, it has appeared to be the largest in Australia and the second largest when it comes to New Zealand. The expansion can be seen in segments like retail goods, furniture retailing, covering of floors, retailing of footwear, hotel resorts, departmental stores, etc (Woolworths Limited, 2015). On the other hand, Wesfarmer is a supermarket retailer that has its presence over 770 supermarkets in entire Australia. It has a rich history in Australia and its presence can be traced to 1914. It is dedicated to provide the families of Australia with the products they require for an affordable price. Under the ownership of Wesfarmers, a new team lead to a changeover that restored the glory and provided a strong boost that helped the brand to revive (Wesfarmers Ltd, 2015). Analysis of the Industry Wesfarmers, as well as Woolworths are mainly dominated by the suppliers and have eliminated the small players in the market. The two companies has seen a substantial growth in the past half century. It is to be noted that the combined power has accumulated 70% of the profitability and the factor of profitability has enhanced more than 40% and 24%. Going by the current trend, it can be said that the companies will continue to ride on huge profits (Woolworths Limited, 2015). Gathering a strong and major chunk of the market has provided them with the skills to ascertain prices, establish barriers and other exceptional level in the entire industry. Hence, the other players of small stature are under constant pressure in terms of pricing, output and strategies of the market. The reason that the super market of Australia is dominated by Wesfarmers and Woolworths is that they are the major players and have captured a major chunk (Wesfarmers, 2015). Analysis - Company 1- WESFARMERS LIMITED An initial analysis of trends in the items Ratio Formula Wesfarmers Limited-2015 Wesfarmers Limited-2014 PROFITABILITY RATIOS Return on Assets Ratio Net Income 2440 = 0.060 6% 2689 = 0.068 6.8% Total Assets 40402 39727 Net Profit Margin Ratio Net Income 2440 = 0.039 3.9% 2689 = 0.045 4.5% Sales 62089+13 59881+12 LIQUIDITY RATIO Current Ratio Current Assets 9093 = 0.935 9311 = 1.131 Current Liabilities 9726 8229 Quick Ratio Quick Assets* 9093-5497 = 0.370 9311-5336 = 0.483 Current Liabilities 9726 8229 CAPITAL STRUCTURE Debt to Equity ratio Total Liabilities 15621 = 0.387 13740 = 0.346 Total Assets 40402 39727 Equity Ratio Total Equity 24781 = 0.613 25987 = 0.654 Total Assets 40402 39727 *Quick assets= Current Assets- Inventory-Prepaid Expenses From the above table we can see the movement in the figure and ratio of Wesfarmers Limited for the year 2015 and 2014. We see that the revenue of the company has gone up from $60,181million to $62,447million from 2014 to 2015. The major source of increase of revenue has come from sale of goods which is due to increase in operating activities. Also we can see that last years net profit was $ 2689 million and this years net profit is $ 2440 million, even though revenue has increased net profit has dropped, this is due to the reason that in the year 2014 company earned a profit of $1179 million which was earned from discontinued operations. Overall we see an increase in net profits of the company from continuing operations (Horngreen, 2013). Moving to the balance sheet we find that there are no major variances. Mostly there has been a negative variance in the currents assets of the company by $238 million, which is mainly due to decrease in cash and deposit balances with bank. Also we can witness an increase of $893 million which is due to increase in intangible assets machineries and goodwill of the company. The total liabilities of the company have also increased due to increase in operations of the company (Brealey et. al, 2011). Profitability Ratios from the above comparison it is indicated that the Analysis -Company 2- WOOLSWORTH LIMITED Ratio Formula Woolsworth Limited-2015 Woolsworth Limited-2014 PROFITABILITY RATIO Return on Assets Ratio Net Income 2137.4 = 0.084 8.4% 2458.4 = 0.102 10.2% Total Assets 25336.8 24136.5 Net Profit Margin Ratio Net Income 2137.4 = 0.035 3.5% 2458.4 = 0.040 4% Sales 60679.1 60772.8 LIQUIDITY RATIO Current Ratio Current Assets 7660.9 = 0.836 7106.1 = 0.949 Current Liabilities 9168.6 7489.5 Quick Ratio Quick Assets* 7660.9-4872.2-9.9 = 0.303 7106.1-4693.2-13.2 = 0.320 Current Liabilities 9168.6 7489.5 CAPITAL STRUCTURE Debt to Equity ratio Total Liabilities 14204.8 = 0.561 13611.1 = 0.564 Total Assets 25336.8 24136.5 Equity Ratio Total Equity 11132 = 0.439 10525.4 = 0.436 Total Assets 25336.8 24136.5 *Quick assets= Current Assets- Inventory-Prepaid Expenses From the figure of Woolsworth Limited that there has been a very little decline in sales of the company, which is alright since, the economies do not work in a same way every year. The net income of the company has also showed a similar trend. Similar is the state of balance sheet of the company. The current assets of the company have shown a little movement of $554.8 million, the major reason of which is increase in cash balances of the company (Northington, 2011). Also the non-current assets of the company have increased from $17030.4million to $17675.9million due to increase in investing activities of the company. There has been a huge movement of fund from non-current liabilities to current liabilities, which is due to increased short term borrowings of the company and decreased long term borrowings. Comparison of the Ratios Profitability Ratio Return on Assets ratio The return on total assets for Wesfarmers declined in the year 2015 as compared to 2014 indicating the assets were not used in an optimum manner (Albrecht et. al, 2011). It has dropped in the year 2015. On the other hand the same has been witnessed for Woolsworth where the return on total assets has dropped indicating that the assets was not utilized properly. However, the drop in Wesfarmers is less. Net profit margin - The net profit margin of both the companies dropped marginally and can be attributed to the difference in the sales factor. The external factors were mainly responsible for it and competition from others. Liquidity Ratios From the computation it has observed that the current as well as acid test ratio has fallen for Wesfarmers and in both the division it fails to be near the ideal ratio indicating that the company will face difficulty in meeting the obligations. The same has been noticed for Woolsworth where the current and the liquid ratio has dropped. Though the drop in current ratio is marginal but it is indicated that the company will face problems in meeting the obligations (Williams, 2012). Capital Structure From the comparison it is seen hat the debt equity of Wesfarmers has increased marginally but is less than .50 indicating that the company utilizes a balance between equity and debt. The equity ratio of the company is properly balanced and hence, is ideal for the company. However, in the case of Woolsworth, the debt equity is more than .50 and equity ratio is low indicating higher proportion of debt for the company (Parrino et. al, 2012). Market Performance Ratio: Earnings per share are the allocation of companys profit to each of its outstanding share. From the above we clearly see that, earnings per share of Wesfarmers Ltd are 216 cents whereas that of Woolsworth limited is 174 cents. The dividend payout ratio of Wesfarmers is approximately 51% and that of Woolsworth limited is 42%. Conclusion From the whole analysis we see that the overall performance of Wesfarmers is better than Woolsworth is most of the cases. But we should keep in mind that even if companies with high payout ratio sometimes do not perform well. The companies should aim at maximizing the shareholders wealth. Thus, total market capitalisation of the company is a major part which shows the market performance of a company. Therefore, going by the overall analysis it can be said that selection of Wesfarmers is a good bet as the company has good capital structure and market share. The liquidity problem can be settled with ease. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Choi, R.D. and Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson . Davies, T. and Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. and Bates, T 2012, Fundamentals of corporate finance, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Williams, J 2012, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Application of Maslows Theory of Needs to Mobilize a Community free essay sample

This is done through advocacy, organizing communities and mobilizing resources. Other than theories of economics, development and politics, community development is also influenced by contributions from the field of psychology. Different branches of psychology help us to understand community needs, their cultural dispositions, and how communities form social cohesion and participate in community initiatives. The concept of psychological sense of community was initially propagated by the psychologist Seymour Sarason (1974). The Sense of Community describes the sentiment of belonging, trust and cooperation that people of a community feel toward each other. With this sense of community, members are able to feel empowered enough to participate in the communitys activities. This is important for community workers and organizers. By acknowledging the communitys contribution to development, understanding their values and opinions, community development workers are able to get more cooperation from an empowered community. Disempowering a community means disregarding peoples values and needs and thus making them feel disconnected from the larger community. We will write a custom essay sample on Application of Maslows Theory of Needs to Mobilize a Community or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Maslow’s theory of Hierarchy of needs is particularly useful in understanding how change agents mobilize communities into action and eventually get their all important buy-in, in developmental projects they propose and implement. Participation in community development is successfully attained when an analysis of the communitys needs is undertaken. Lack of support for community initiatives may be because community members are still striving to meet their primary needs and as such the community cannot be involved in meeting secondary needs. Overview of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow, an American professor of psychology, identified a hierarchy that represents the priorities that individuals and communities espouse in order to survive and reach their fullest potential. The basis of Maslows theory is that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. Maslow, position is that there are general needs (physiological, safety, love, and esteem) which have to be fulfilled before a person is able to act unselfishly. These needs were dubbed deficiency needs. While a person is motivated to fulfill these basal desires, they continue to move toward growth, and eventually self -actualization. The satisfaction of needs is quite healthy, while preventing their gratification most often than not will make people ill or engage in an anti-social behavior. As a result, for adequate motivation of the masses, it is important that project managers understand which needs are active for the community. In this regard, Abraham Maslows model indicates that basic, low-level needs such as physiological requirements and safety must be satisfied before higher-level needs such as self-fulfillment are pursued. As depicted in hierarchical figure 1 below, sometimes called Maslows Needs Pyramid, Figure 1: Maslow’s Needs Pyramid Relevance of the Maslow’s model to community development Maslow’s theory can be applied in mobilizing communities for purposes of implementing change/development programs. In order to appreciate how useful the theory is in mobilizing, this paper explores the various need levels as espoused by Maslow (1983), and seeks to discuss how such need levels could be exploited when mobilizing communities Physiological Needs: are the basic needs of feeding, accommodation, salaries/wages that are perceived by the community members to be sufficient for the purchase of the essentials of life. Human needs theorists offer a new dimension to conflict theory. Their approach provides an important conceptual tool that not only connects and addresses human needs on all levels. Furthermore, it recognizes the existence of negotiable and nonnegotiable issues. That is, needs theorists understand that needs, unlike interests, cannot be traded, suppressed, or bargained for. Human needs theorists further understand that although needs cannot be compromised, they can be addressed in a generally win-win or positive-sum way. People are motivated to work towards achieving a need that they feel they have. The more acutely they feel the need the more willing they are to work towards meeting that need. It is for this reason that communities should be exposed to experiences that could in a reasonable time earn the community a higher value than it currently has. A project manager’s ability to effectively appeal to one of these motivational drivers is a key determinant to the potential success of a project. A project manager should also beware that communities are at different levels of development. Different communities (or even members of the same community) will be at different levels of development and awareness at any one time and a community’s behavior is heavily influenced by its history and various forces around it. In such circumstances, we expect that a community will most likely behave differently not only from other communities, but, also within the same community. It is for such reasons then that it would be unreasonable to expect a community that is struggling with its basic survival to be enthusiastic about unselfish pursuits. Some services, BepaPay, for example, may be marketed successfully to those in the third or fourth level of Maslows hierarchy because those people are driven by the needs for increased self-esteem and need to belong to the middle class. The same marketing campaign is unlikely to appeal to those on the first level, as they are driven by the most basic of human needs: food, water and other elements of survival. Safety needs- Here, individuals are concerned with their economic/physical safety. People are concerned about their economic stability, presence of job/ employment opportunities and job security for those that are employed. As a Project manager, one need to really sell idea that with the new project, the local youth will get meaningfully engaged. That they’ll get employed and will not, therefore, partake in other social ills like crimes in the community. This will mean the society will be safe for all members to go about their businesses without fear. Also, the Project manager may need to stress the positivity of such a project in so far as production for the market is concerned. In this, people will be able to earn enough to be able to provide daily bread for their dependants. Social needs (belonging, love) People naturally have a motivation towards feeling accepted, belonging to some group/association. As a project manager, one need to group or encourage such targets to organize themselves into an association that will then be meeting as regularly as is reasonable to share views/concerns and benchmark. By this association, people will be able to overcome/avoid the ever present susceptibility to feelings of loneliness, social anxiety and clinical depression which is often the consequence of absence of the belonging lement, especially, for retirees who find themselves alone after disengaging from work-based networks. Associations are made up persons who freely/voluntarily choose to join together to get something done for a common cause. Such organization could be churches, professional associations, self help groups, etc. People in these organizations get together around an issue, something recreational, or anything at all that draws them together, not beca use they are paid to be there but because they have a common interest. The time and energy that people put into associations is there to be tapped and exploited by the program manager. For example, in a rural community, women self help groups provide a useful forum to introduce maternal and neonatal health program/projects and will most certainly get a buy-in. Key people to these groups e. g. Chairman, secretary etc. should be chosen democratically by members as a participatory mechanism. The best way to find the appropriate individuals is to partner with a group that already has credibility in the community and already meets periodically. When such a community group has already assembled for a meeting, the project manager need to try conducting an assets inventory exercise (what is it in the society/community that the manager and the project can benefit from be it skills, competencies, existing power structures etc. ). This is not only an icebreaker but also a way of conveying the message that the resources that already exist (in the community) will be identified and tapped into. Once the project manager identifies individuals who can and want to help, he/she needs to prepare to work with them in project implementation. People who love to organize will stand out in the course of the group meetings and it’s the project manager’s role to ensure they are recruited as they are a valuable part of the community change structure. Esteem According to Maslow (1983), humans need to feel respected, including the need to have self esteem and self respect. Esteem presents typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. They may feel the need to seek fame and glory. People may have a need for status, recognition, fame, prestige and attention. Someone driven by the need for self-esteem, in needs level four, is looking for recognition and validation. As a Project manager, one has to stress how such persons stand to gain by accepting and being part of the project. For instance, the project manager may need to allow those that seem to be motivated by recognition and status or fame to hold positions in the project e. g. as liaison persons. By doing this, the manager will help the community members who are at this point motivated by positions of leadership and recognition to fulfill their needs while helping the entire community realize its developmental agenda as proposed by the change agent, and ratified by the community members. Those who are thrilled and motivated by the need to be masters in what they do, the project manager need to support them strongly in order to realize their needs even as the project meets its goals. Human needs theorists posit that although needs cannot be compromised, they can be addressed in a generally win-win or positive-sum way. Self actualization Refers to what a person‘s full potential is and the realization of that potential. This level defines the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be. In the case of project implementation, the project manager needs to study and understand his participants/the target population to map out those at this level. Upon identification of such, the project manager needs to bring them on board be the best farmers, in case of farming project. The project manager need to tap into their ability to perceive reality efficiently, democratic attitudes, spontaneity of thought and action, concern for community welfare, etc. to secure their buy-in and support. In this category, there could be those who have actualized and are now motivated by the need to help others. The project manager needs to identify such, at the level of stakeholder analysis and approach them with the view of bringing them on board as partners. In this sense, people will feel appreciated and will deploy their maximum effort and resources to ensuring the success of the project because they believe the ultimate successes of the project will be shared by them. However, Maslow posited that a journey- in whatever form it takes- can be rewarding than the actual destination. The project manager can, therefore, apply this to the practice of appreciating the worth of each of the individuals ‘travelling’ with them rather than focusing so intently on the end-game that they lose all sight of human emotions. Implications of need hierarchy for Empowerment and Development If Maslows theory holds, there are some important leadership implications to enhance a community’s motivation and eventual empowerment. †¢Physiological Needs: are the basic needs of feeding, accommodation, salaries/wages that are perceived by the community members to be sufficient for the purchase of the essentials of life. Safety Needs: are needs to for a safe environment to live in, freedom from threats, and relative security. †¢Social Needs: Create a feeling of acceptance, belonging, and community by reinforcing team dynamics. †¢Esteem Needs: Recognize achievements, assign important projects, and provide status to make people feel appreciated and valued. â € ¢Self-Actualization: Provide challenging and meaningful work which enables innovation, creativity, and progress according to long-term goals. However, not all people are driven by the same needs – at any given time different people in different social strata may be motivated by entirely different factors. It is important therefore to understand the needs of each set of people in different communities in order to be able to meet their peculiar needs and motivate them to commitment and more patriotic acts. Conclusion It is expedient to conclude that attainment of economic or social of empowerment (development) in any community, state or nation depends strongly on the extent to which the masses are psychologically empowered. For effectiveness of a project, a project manager needs to bear in mind the facts about the complexity of human nature as he/she interacts with the community. Failure to do so will result in his/her frustration and also most likely being a stumbling block to the community’s empowerment and own development. But we also know something more positive. With the appropriate support such as provision of enabling conditions and removal of hindering ones; and also provision of financial and technical support, the community is however not only willing, but also able to uplift itself.

Mccarthyism by A Myan.

Mccarthyism by A Myan. McCarthyism is a term named for Joseph McCarthy, a republican senator from Wisconsin from 1946 to 1957. McCarthyism began, as it is know today, with Senator McCarthy's accusations in February 1950 that Communists had infiltrated the Department of State. He continued to accuse high-ranking officials of treasonous activities for the next three years even though his accusations were never substantiated. McCarthyism is simply the practice of making accusations of political disloyalty with insufficient evidence. The McCarthy Era refers to the wave of political repression in the late 1940's and early 1950's, which targeted the communist party.McCarthyism itself had begun years before Senator Joseph McCarthy had even come to national attention. The House Committee of Un-American Activities (HUAC), established in 1945 is best known for anti-Communist investigations, called witch-hunts by those who opposed them because of their similarities with the Salem Witch Trials. Blacklisting in the fil m industry began in 1947 when people were refused jobs because they had been accused of being members of the American Communist Party or having some connection to Communism.English: Sen. Joseph McCarthy chats with his attor...People working in film, television, radio, and theater were fired as a result of the blacklist. The blacklist developed after the HUAC, held public hearings to investigate the influence of Communists in the motion picture industry. Some of the people the committee called to testify as witnesses told HUAC the names of other people who they believed to have Communist connections. Ten of the men called to testify, a group of writers, directors, and producers, refused to tell the committee whether or not they belonged to the Communist Party. They insisted that the committee's questions violated their constitutional rights. The committee decided that they were in contempt of Congress the people who became known as the Hollywood Ten went to prison.Other well-known ex amples...

Writing As Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing As - Assignment Example His theory is based on the simple premise that population growth is more exponential than food growth. As a result, it is necessary to adopt checks that will regulate population control by aligning it with food growth. The similarity between Malthus’ and Smith’s rationales lies in a belief that population regulates itself naturally. Consequently, it is not necessary to employ man-made measures to control population growth. In this regard, Smith reasons that the liberal reward of labor naturally limits population growth while Malthus rejects his proposal of a preventive check and leans towards a positive check (natural population-reducing disasters like famine, poor living and working conditions, conflict, and disease (Ness & Ciment, 2014). In conclusion, it is safe to say that Smith and Malthus subscribe to the Darwinian concept of survival for the fittest and natural population control methods. It is also logical to infer that both authors’ objectives in making their arguments concerning population are the same. What both scholars are insinuating is that population growth is a self-regulating phenomenon that is better left to nature than manipulated using human